To the tumor via magnet

Iron oxide nanoparticles in a blood vessel Visual representation of the magnet-induced self-organization of iron oxide nanoparticles (blue) into chains in a blood vessel. © Reiner Müller / FRM II, TUM

Visual representation of the magnet-induced self-organization of iron oxide nanoparticles (blue) into chains in a blood vessel. © Reiner Müller / FRM II, TUM

Biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) offer great potential for biomedical applications, both in terms of imaging and therapy. More rapid progress in researching IONPs now looks promising by using a new method combination developed by a team of Jülich researchers using neutrons at the MLZ as a probe.

This makes it possible for the first time to make chains of iron oxide nanoparticles directly visible in dispersions. As a result, it is quicker and easier to determine how parameters such as size, concentration, composition and magnetic fields influence the formation of the chains through self-organization. Up until now, the IONPs were only directly visible when using an electron microscope. For this to work, however, they would need to be deposited to a sample carrier that can influence self-organization.

Use as contrast agent and potential cancer drug

Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in three main biomedical areas: imaging, sensors and therapeutics. As contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, for example, they are used to make certain tissue structures more visible. For laboratory tests, they can be coupled with antigens to detect antibodies in body fluids, for instance. Various therapeutic approaches are still predominantly in the experimental stage: in tumour tissues, magnetic particles are able to kill cancer cells if they are set rotating using alternating magnetic fields, thus generating heat. If transported strategically to specific sites in the body, they can release active substances precisely where they are needed, again activated by magnetic fields. Both methods can potentially keep side effects to a minimum due to accurate targeting.

Chains can move better in blood vessels

GALAXI In addition to neutron scattering, researchers also used the Jülich small-angle X-ray diffractometer GALAXI to characterise the iron oxide nanoparticles. GALAXI, pictured here with Nileena Nandakumaran and Dr. Mikhail Feygenson, is operated by the JCNS at a laboratory X-ray source with extremely high brilliance. © Forschungszentrum Jülich

In addition to neutron scattering, researchers also used the Jülich small-angle X-ray diffractometer GALAXI to characterise the iron oxide nanoparticles. GALAXI, pictured here with Nileena Nandakumaran and Dr. Mikhail Feygenson, is operated by the JCNS at a laboratory X-ray source with extremely high brilliance. © Forschungszentrum Jülich

One challenge in medical applications is the strategic transport of the particles to the desired location. Apart from directly injecting the particles at the target site or coating them with organic substances that only bind to certain tissues, another option is to manoeuvre the nanoparticles to the desired position using a magnetic field. Aggregates of the particles are better suited for this than individual nanoparticles because their magnetic moment is greater, which means they can be controlled by smaller magnetic fields. At the same time, thread-like aggregates are advantageous compared to other shapes because the long, thin formations can move better through narrow structures, such as blood vessels.

Finely distributed in a solvent, the nanoparticles can self-assemble into the thread-like chains when conditions are suitable. If there is no spatial boundary acting on the particles, certain parameters such as size, concentration and the composition of the nanoparticles, as well as the strength of the applied magnetic field, determine the self-organization. However, the only method up to now that could directly make the tiny chains visible and track their formation could not function without spatial limitations: For studies involving an electron microscope, samples must be placed on a carrier whose lattice structure provides spatial limitation and is thus able to influence the self-organization of the IONPs.

Neutrons make the chains of nanoparticles visible

Now researchers from Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University and other German and international research institutions are presenting a new approach that makes the chains and their formation directly visible in the solvent without the need for spatial limitation. To do this, they combined experimental studies using small-angle neutron scattering at the instrument KWS-1 with reverse Monte Carlo simulations. Small-angle scattering enables similarly high-resolution structural analyses to be made as with electron microscopy, but generates data that are not intuitively comprehensible and must be interpreted using elaborate procedures. With the help of simulations, directly recognisable images of the particle chains can now be obtained.

Text: Angela Wenzik / Forschungszentrum Jülich